Paraphimosis

Male reproductive anatomy

The male reproductive structures include the penis, the scrotum, the seminal vesicles and the prostate.

Definition

Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin of an uncircumcised male cannot be pulled back over the head of the penis.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Causes of paraphimosis include:

  • Direct trauma to the area
  • Failure to return the foreskin to its normal location after urination or washing (most common in hospitals and nursing homes)
  • Infection, which may be due to poor personal hygiene

Uncircumcised males, and those who may not have been correctly or completely circumcised, are at risk.

Paraphimosis occurs most often in children and the elderly.

Symptoms

The foreskin is pulled back (retracted) behind the rounded tip of the penis (glans) and stays there. The retracted foreskin and glans become swollen. This makes it difficult to return the foreskin to its extended position.

Symptoms include:

  • Inability to pull the retracted foreskin over the head of the penis
  • Painful swelling at the end of the penis
  • Pain in the penis

Signs and tests

A physical examination confirms the diagnosis. The health care provider will usually find a "doughnut" around the shaft near the head of the penis (glans).

Treatment

Pressing on (compression of) the head of the penis while pushing the foreskin forward may reduce the swelling due to paraphimosis. If this fails, prompt surgical circumcision will be needed.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outcome is likely to be excellent if the condition is diagnosed and treated quickly.

Complications

If paraphimosis is left untreated, it can disrupt blood flow to the tip of the penis. In extreme (and rare) cases, this may lead to:

  • Damage to the penis tip
  • Gangrene
  • Loss of the penis tip

Calling your health care provider

Go to your local emergency room if this occurs.

Prevention

Circumcision, when done correctly, prevents this condition.

References

McCollough M, Sharieff GQ. Genitourinary and renal tract disorders. In: Marx JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier;2009:chap 172.

Silverman MA, Schneider RE. Urologic procedures. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2009:chap 55.

See also:

Review date:
September 3, 2010
Reviewed by:
Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Scott Miller, MD, Urologist in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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