Articles

C-reactive protein is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. This article discusses the blood test done to measure the amount of CRP in your blood.

A C-section, also called a cesarean section, is the delivery of a baby through a surgical opening in the lower belly area.

C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is a protein found in the fluid part of your blood that controls C1, the first component of the complement system. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the ...

CA-125 is a test used to evaluate ovarian cancer treatment. CA-125 is a protein that is found more in cells than in other cells. This protein enters the bloodstream and can be measured by a blood test. There are two CA-125 tests: a first generation test and a second generation test. The second ...

Caffeine is a substance that exists naturally in certain plants. It can also be produced synthetically and used as an additive in food products. It is a stimulant and a diuretic.

Caffeine is a substance that exists naturally in certain plants. It can also be produced synthetically and used as an additive in food products. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a diuretic, which means it increases urination. Caffeine occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally ...

This article describes poisoning caused by eating parts of the Caladium plant and other plants belonging to the Araceae family. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency ...

Calcification is a process in which calcium builds up in body tissue, causing the tissue to harden. This can be a normal or abnormal process.

Calcitonin is a test that measures the amount of the hormone calcitonin in the blood.

All cells need calcium in order to work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function, and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. This article discusses the test to measure the total amount of calcium in your blood. Calcium can also ...

Ionized calcium is calcium that is freely flowing in your blood and not attached to proteins. It is also called free calcium. All cells need calcium in order to work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function, and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, ...

This test measures the amount of calcium in urine. All cells need calcium in order to work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function, and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. See also:

Calcium carbonate is an ingredient that is commonly found in antacids (for heartburn) and some dietary supplements. Calcium carbonate occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of a product containing this substance. This is for information ...

The combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium is commonly found in antacids, which are medicines that provide heartburn relief. Calcium carbonate with magnesium overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of a substance ...

Calcium channel blockers are a class of medication used to treat high blood pressure. Calcium channel blocker occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or ...

Calcium hydroxide is a white powder produced by mixing calcium oxide (“lime”) with water. Calcium hydroxide poisoning occurs when someone swallows this substance. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an ...

Calcium is the most plentiful mineral found in the human body. The teeth and bones contain the most calcium. Nerve cells, body tissues, blood, and other body fluids contain the rest of the calcium.

This article describes poisoning caused by eating parts of a calla lily plant. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control ...

Caloric stimulation is a test which uses differences in temperature to diagnose ear nerve damage.

Campho-Phenique is an over-the-counter medication used to treat cold sores and insect bites. Campho-Phenique occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or ...

Camphor overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local ...

Campylobacter enteritis is an infection of the small intestine with Campylobacter jejuni bacteria.

Campylobacter serology test is a blood test to look for to a bacteria called campylobacter.

Canavan disease is an inherited condition that affects the breakdown and use (metabolism) of .

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

Cancer of the penis is that starts in the , an organ that makes up part of the male reproductive system.

Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the kidney’s pelvis or the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Cancer of the throat is cancer of the vocal cords, voice box (larynx), or other areas of the throat.

Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts in the . Vulvar cancer most often affects the labia, the folds of skin outside the vagina. In some cases, vulvar cancer may start on the clitoris or in glands on the sides of the vagina opening.

Candida esophagitis is a yeast infection of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. See also:

Candles are light sources made from wax with a wick in the middle. Candle poisoning occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally swallows candle wax. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should ...

A canker sore is a painful, open sore in the mouth. Canker sores are white or yellow and surrounded by a bright red area. They are not cancerous. A canker sore is not the same as a (cold sore).

The capillary nail refill test is a quick test performed on the nail beds to monitor and the amount of blood flow to tissue.

A capillary sample is a blood sample collected by pricking the skin. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels near the surface of the skin.

Caplan syndrome is swelling (inflammation) and scarring of the lungs in people with who have been exposed to mining dust, such as coal, silica, or asbestos.

Caput succedaneum is of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during a head-first (vertex) delivery.

Carbohydrates are one of the main dietary components. This category of foods includes sugars, starches, and .

Carbolic acid is a sweet-smelling clear liquid that is added to many different products. Carbolic acid poisoning occurs when someone touches or swallows this chemical. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, ...

Carbon monoxide is an odorless gas that causes thousands of deaths each year in North America. Breathing in carbon monoxide is very dangerous. It is the leading cause of poisoning death in the United States. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual ...

A carbuncle is a skin infection that often involves a group of hair follicles. The infected material forms a lump, called mass, which occurs deep in the skin. When you have more than one carbuncle, the condition is called carbunculosis. See also:

Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms associated with carcinoid tumors — tumors of the small intestine, colon, appendix, and bronchial tubes in the lungs.

Ablate means “to destroy.” Cardiac ablation is a procedure that is used to destroy small areas in your heart that may be causing your . During the procedure, small wires called electrodes are placed inside your heart to measure your heart’s electrical activity. These electrodes ...

Cardiac amyloidosis is a disorder caused by deposits of an abnormal protein (amyloid) in the heart tissue, which make it hard for the heart to work properly.

Cardiac catheterization involves passing a thin flexible tube (catheter) into the right or left side of the heart, usually from the groin or the arm.

Cardiac glycosides are a class of medications used to treat heart failure. Cardiac glycoside occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an ...

Cardiac tamponade is compression of the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the myocardium (heart muscle) and the pericardium (outer covering sac of the heart).

Cardiogenic shock is a state in which the heart has been damaged so much that it is unable to supply enough blood to the organs of the body.

Cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the heart muscle or a change in heart muscle structure. It is often associated with inadequate heart pumping or other heart function problems.

The term cardiovascular refers to the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular). The cardiovascular system includes arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and capillaries.

Cardioversion is a method to restore an abnormal heart rhythm back to normal.

The carotid arteries provide the main blood supply to the brain. There carotid arteries are located on each side of your neck under the jawline. Carotid artery disease is a condition in which these arteries become narrowed or blocked. When the arteries become narrowed, the condition is called ...

Carotid artery surgery is a procedure to restore proper blood flow to the brain.

Carotid duplex is an test that shows how well blood is flowing through the carotid arteries. The carotid arteries are located in the neck. They supply blood to the brain.

Carpal tunnel biopsy is a test in which a small piece of tissue is removed from the carpal tunnel (part of the wrist).

Carpal tunnel release is surgery to treat . Carpal tunnel syndrome is pain and weakness in the hand that is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve — the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand. It can lead to numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle damage in the hand and fingers. See also:

Castor oil is a yellowish liquid often used as a lubricant and in laxatives. This article discusses poisoning from swallowing a large amount (overdose) of castor oil. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, ...

Cat scratch disease is a disease caused by bartonella bacteria. It is believed to be transmitted by cat scratches and bites, or exposure to cat saliva.

A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. This article focuses on cataracts in adults. For information on cataracts in children, see:

Cataract removal is a procedure to remove a clouded lens () from the eye. Cataracts are removed to improve vision. The procedure almost always includes placing an artificial lens in the eye.

Catecholamines are hormones produced by the adrenal glands, which are found on top of the kidneys. They are released into the blood during times of physical or emotional stress. The major catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (which used to be called adrenalin). This article ...

Catecholamines are small molecules made by nerve tissue (including the brain) and the adrenal gland. The major catecholamines are , , and epinephrine. These substances break down into other compounds, which leave your body through your urine. A urine test can be done to measure the level of ...

Caterpillars (long, fuzzy, segmented insects) are unable to pierce the skin with their bite. However, their hairs may get into the skin or eyes, causing symptoms in the area where the hairs entered. Problems also can occur if someone breathes in caterpillar hairs that have been released into the ...

Acatheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in someone who has a tube (called a catheter) in place to drain urine from the body.

Caulking compounds are substances used to seal cracks and holes around windows and other openings. Caulking compound poisoning occurs when someone swallows these substances. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an ...

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a in the cavernous sinus. The cavernous sinus is a cavity at the base of the brain that contains a vein, several nerves, and other structures. The vein carries deoxygenated blood from the brain and face back to the heart. The vein and cavity run between the large ...

A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following: The number of red blood cells (RBCs) The number of white blood cells (WBCs) The total amount of in the blood The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells () The CBC test also provides information about the following ...

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein normally found in the tissue of a developing baby in the womb. Blood levels of this protein disappear or become very low after birth. In adults, an abnormal amount of CEA may be a sign of cancer. A blood test can be done to measure the amount of CEA in ...

Cedar leaf oil is a sweet-smelling oil made from some types of cedar trees. Cedar leaf oil poisoning occurs when someone swallows this substance. Young children who smell the oil may try to drink it. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison ...

Celiac disease is an passed down through families. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, or sometimes oats (including medications). When a person with celiac disease eats or drinks anything containing gluten, the immune system responds by damaging the lining of the intestinal tract. ...

Celiac disease is a condition that damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents it from absorbing parts of food that are important for staying healthy. The damage is due to a reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.

Several major studies show no link between cell phones and cancer at this time. However, since the information available is based on short-term studies, the impact of many years of exposure is not known. The amount of time people spend on cell phones has increased and will be taken into ...

Cellulite is fat that is deposited in pockets just below the surface of the skin. It occurs around the hips, thighs, and buttocks. Because it is very close to the surface of the skin, cellulite leads to a dimpled appearance.

Cellulitis is a common skin infection caused by bacteria. See also:

This article describes the effects of a centipede bite. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control Center at ...

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord serve as the main “processing center” for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body.

Central pontine myelinolysis is brain cell dysfunction caused by the destruction of the layer () covering nerve cells in the brainstem (pons).

Central serous choroidopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the , the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from the blood vessel layer under the retina. This area is called the choroid.

Central sleep apnea is when you repeatedly stop breathing during sleep because the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing. See also:

A cental venous line (CVL) is a long, soft plastic tube, called a catheter, that is placed into a large vein in the chest. WHY IS A CVL USED? The main reason for a CVL is to deliver nutrients to a baby for a long period of time. It is most often used when attempts to place a percutaneous ...

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a neurological condition in which proteins called amyloid build up on the walls of the arteries in the brain. The condition increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and dementia.

Cerebral angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain.

Cerebral hypoxia occurs when there is not enough oxygen getting to the brain. The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function. Cerebral hypoxia refers to the outer part of the brain, an area called the cerebral hemisphere. However, the term is often used to refer to a lack of ...

Cerebral palsy is condition, sometimes thought of as a group of disorders that can involve brain and nervous system functions such as movement, learning, hearing, seeing, and thinking. Ther are several different types of cerebral palsy, including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is a test to look at the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion, protecting the brain and spine from injury. The fluid is normally clear. The test is also used to measure pressure in the spinal fluid. See also:

A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is a laboratory test to look for bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the normally clear fluid that moves in the space surrounding the spinal cord.

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing protein. This article discusses the test to measure the level of the protein in the clear liquid part of the blood (serum).

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.

Cervical dysplasia is the abnormal appearance of cells on the surface of the when they are looked at underneath a microscope. Although this is not cancer, it is considered a precancerous condition. Dysplasia that is seen on a is described using the term squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). ...

A cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a method to create detailed pictures of the part of the spine that runs through the neck area. This area is called the cervical spine. It consists of seven vertebrae and eight pairs of spinal nerves (called C1 to C8). Unlike and computed ...

Cervical polyps are fingerlike growths on the lower part of the uterus that connects with the vagina ().

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the cervical spine is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the neck.

Cervical spondylosis is a disorder in which there is abnormal wear on the cartilage and bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae). See also:

Cervicitis is swelling (inflammation) of the end of the uterus ().

Cervix cryosurgery is a surgical treatment to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue in the .

Chafing is skin irritation that occurs where skin rubs against skin, clothing, or other material.

Chagas disease is an illness spread by insects. It is common in South and Central America.

A chalazion is a small bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of a tiny oil gland.

Chalk is a form of limestone. Chalk poisoning occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally swallows chalk. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as ...

Chancroid is a bacterial disease that is spread only through sexual contact.

Changes in the newborn at birth are a number of changes that an infant’s body undergoes to allow it to survive outside the womb and adapt to life in a new environment.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of inherited disorders that affect the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spine).

A charley horse is the common name for a muscle spasm, especially in the leg. Muscle spasms can occur in any muscle in the body. When a muscle is in spasm, it contracts without your control and does not relax.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is rare, inherited disease of the immune and nervous systems characterized by pale-colored hair, eyes, and skin.

Chemicals that touch skin can lead to a reaction on the skin, throughout the body, or both.

Chemical pneumonitis is inflammation of the lungs or due to inhaling chemical fumes or breathing in and choking on certain chemicals.

Chemosis is swelling of the tissue that lines the eyelids and surface of the eye (conjunctiva).

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells. Most commonly, the term is used to refer to cancer-killing drugs. This article focuses on cancer chemotherapy.

A cherry angioma is a noncancerous (benign) skin growth made up of blood vessels.

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the chest is a noninvasive imaging method that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the chest (thoracic) area. Unlike and computed tomographic () scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The ...

Chest pain is discomfort or pain that you feel anywhere along the front of your body between your neck and upper abdomen.

A chest tomogram is a picture of the chest area created by moving the x-ray machine in one direction while moving the recording film the other way. This method blurs structures in front of and behind the area of the chest being studied. This allows for a more detailed view of a specific level within ...

A chest tube insertion involves the surgical placement of a hollow, flexible drainage tube into the chest.

A chest x-ray is an of the chest, lungs, heart, large arteries, ribs, and diaphragm.

Chickenpox is one of the classic childhood diseases. A child or adult with chickenpox may develop hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts. Chickenpox is caused by a virus. The virus that causes chickenpox is varicella-zoster, a member of the herpesvirus family. The same ...

The chickenpox vaccine protects against , a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

Chiggers are tiny, six-legged wingless organisms (larvae) that grow up to become a type of mite. Chiggers are found in tall grass and weeds. Their bite causes severe itching.

Physical child abuse or non-accidental child trauma refers to fractures and other signs of injury that occur when a child is hit in anger. The physical signs of child abuse used to be called battered child syndrome. This syndrome referred to many fractures that occurred at different times in ...

Child sexual abuse is the deliberate exposure of minor children to sexual activity. This means a child is forced or talked into sex or sexual activities by another person. Such abuse includes: Oral sex Pornography Sexual intercourse Touching (fondling)

Child neglect (also called psychological abuse) is a form of child abuse that occurs when someone intentionally does not provide a child with food, water, shelter, clothing, medical care, or other necessities. Other forms of child neglect include: Allowing the child to witness violence or severe ...

Child car seats; Infant car seats; Car seats

Childhood disintegrative disorder is a condition in which children develop normally through age 3 or 4. Then, over a few months, children lose language, motor, social, and other skills that they already learned.

Chills refers to feeling cold after an exposure to a cold environment. The word can also refer to an episode of shivering, accompanied by paleness and feeling cold.

A chin augmentation is a surgical procedure to reshape or enhance the size of the chin. It may be done either by inserting an implant or by moving or reshaping bones.

Chinese restaurant syndrome is a collection of symptoms that some people experience after eating Chinese food. A food additive called monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been implicated, but it has not been proved to be the substance that causes this condition.

Chlamydia is a disease caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most commonly sexually transmitted.

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease. This article discusses chlamydia infections in women. See also:

Chlamydial urethritis is a sexually transmitted disease involving infection of the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder).

Chlordiazepoxide is a prescription medication used to treat certain anxiety disorders and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Chlordiazepoxide occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not ...

Chloride is a negatively charged molecule known as an . It works with other electrolytes, such as potassium, salt (sodium), and carbon dioxide (CO2), to help keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body’s acid-base balance. A test can be done to measure the amount of chloride ...

Chloride is found in many chemicals and other substances in the body. It is an important part of the salt found in many foods and used in cooking.

Chloride is a type of . It works with other electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and carbon dioxide (CO2) to help keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body’s acid-base balance. This article discusses the laboratory test to measures the amount of chloride in the fluid ...

Chlorinated lime is a white powder used for bleaching or disinfecting. Chlorinated lime poisoning occurs when someone swallows chlorinated lime. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your ...

Chlorine is a chemical that prevents bacteria from growing. Chlorine poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in (inhales) chlorine. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your ...

Chlormerodrin is a water pill (diuretic) that contains mercury. It was once used to treat patients with heart failure. The drug is no longer used in the United States. Chlormerodrin occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this ...

Chlorophyll is the chemical that makes plants green. Chlorophyll poisoning occurs when someone swallows a large amount of this substance. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local ...

Chlorpromazine is a prescription medication used to treat psychotic disorders. It may also be used for other reasons, such as preventing nausea and vomiting. Chlorpromazine occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. ...

Choanal atresia is a narrowing or blockage of the nasal airway by tissue. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth.

Choking is when someone can’t breathe because food, a toy, or other object is blocking the airway (throat or windpipe).

Choking is when an infant can’t breathe because food, a toy, or other object is blocking the airway (throat or windpipe).

Choking is when someone cannot breathe because food, a toy, or other object is blocking the throat or windpipe (airway).

Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancerous (malignant) growth in one of the ducts that carries from the liver to the small intestine.

Cholangitis is an infection of the common bile duct, the tube that carries from the liver to the gallbladder and intestines. Bile is a liquid made by the liver that helps digest food.

Choledocholithiasis is the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct. The stone may consist of pigments or calcium and cholesterol salts.

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea.

Cholestasis is any condition in which the flow of from the liver is blocked.

Cholesteatoma is a type of skin located in the middle ear.

A total cholesterol test measures all the cholesterol in your blood. Cholesterol is a soft, wax-like substance found in all parts of the body. Your body needs a little bit of cholesterol to work properly. But too much cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to heart disease. Some cholesterol ...

Chondromalacia patella is the softening and breakdown of the tissue (cartilage) that lines the underside of the kneecap (patella). It is a common cause of .

A primary care provider (PCP) is a health care practitioner who sees people that have common medical problems. This person is usually a doctor, but may be a physician assistant or a nurse practitioner. Your PCP is often involved in your care for a long time, so it is important to select someone with ...

Choriocarcinoma is a quick-growing form of cancer that occurs in a woman’s uterus (womb). The abnormal cells start in the tissue that would normally become the placenta, the organ that develops during pregnancy to feed the fetus. Choriocarcinoma is a type of gestational trophoblastic ...

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is the removal of a small piece of placenta tissue (chorionic villi) from the uterus during early pregnancy to screen the baby for genetic defects.

The choroid is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the (white of the eye) and . It is part of the and supplies nutrients to the inner parts of the eye. Inflammation of the choroid is called .

Choroidal dystrophy is an eye disorder involving the , a layer of blood vessels between the and .

Chromatography is a way of separating two or more chemical compounds, such as proteins. There are different kinds of chromatography such as gas, high pressure liquid, or ion exchange chromatography. In general, chromatography takes advantage of the differences in the chemicals you want to ...

Chromium is an essential mineral that is not made by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Chromosomes are long pieces of DNA found in the center (nucleus) of cells. DNA is the material that holds . It is considered the building block of the human body.

Chronic refers to something that continues or persists over an extended period of time. A chronic condition is usually long-lasting and does not easily or quickly go away. Chronic is the opposite of .

Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy is a long-term blockage of urine flow from both kidneys. It is a slow blockage that gets worse over time. Bilateral means “both sides.” See also:

Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that persists over time. The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores bile that is made in the liver. Bile helps the intestines digest fats.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition of prolonged and severe tiredness or weariness (fatigue) that is not relieved by rest and is not directly caused by other conditions. See also:

Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited disorder in which immune system cells called phagocytes do not function properly. This leads to ongoing and severe infection.

Chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy involves nerve swelling and irritation (inflammation) that leads to a loss of strength or sensation.

Chronic kidney disease is the slow loss of kidney function over time. The main function of the kidneys is to remove wastes and excess water from the body.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. See also:

Chronic motor tic disorder involves quick, uncontrollable movements or vocal outbursts (but not both).

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is that starts inside bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. The cancer grows from cells that produce white blood cells. See also:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe. There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic bronchitis, defined by a long-term cough with mucus Emphysema, defined by destruction of the lungs over time Most people with COPD have a ...

Chronic pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that does not heal or improve, gets worse over time, and leads to permanent damage.

A chronic subdural hematoma is an “old” collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and its outermost covering (the dura). The chronic phase of a subdural hematoma begins several weeks after the first bleeding.

Chronic thyroiditis is swelling (inflammation) of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function ().

Chronic unilateral obstructive uropathy is a condition in which there is long-term blockage of one of the tubes (ureters) that drains urine from the kidneys. See also:

Chylomicronemia syndrome is a disorder passed down through families in which the body does not break down fats (lipids) correctly. This causes fat particles called chylomicrons to build up in the blood.

The ciliary body is the structure in the eye that releases a transparent liquid (called the aqueous humor) within the eye. The ciliary body also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on something. This process is called accomodation.

Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the .

Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver and poor liver function. It is the final phase of chronic .

This is a test to measure the amount of citric acid in urine.

Claw foot is a deformity of the toes in which the toe joint nearest the foot is bent upward and the other toe joints are bent downward. The toe looks like a claw. See also:

Claw hand is a condition that causes curved or bent fingers. This makes the hand appear like the claw of an animal. See also:

Intermittent catheterization is the temporary placement of a catheter (tube) to remove urine from the body. This is usually done by placing the catheter through the urethra (the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside opening) to empty the bladder.

Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that affect the upper lip and the roof of the mouth.

Cleft lip and cleft palate repair is surgery to fix birth defects of the upper lip and palate (roof of the mouth).

Cleidocranial dysostosis is a disorder involving the abnormal development of bones in the skull and collar (clavicle) area. The condition is passed down through families (inherited).

Clinitest poisoning occurs from swallowing tablets used to test how much blood sugar (glucose) is in a person’s urine. Clinitest tablets are not meant to be swallowed. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an ...

Cloth dyes are chemicals used to color cloth. Cloth dye poisoning occurs when someone swallows large amounts of these substances. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency ...

A cloudy cornea is a loss of transparency of the cornea.

Clubbing is a thickening of the flesh under the toenails and fingernails. The nail curves downward, similar to the shape of the round part of an upside-down spoon.

Clubfoot is when the foot turns inward and downward. It is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth.

Clubfoot repair is surgery to correct a birth defect of the foot and ankle. See also:

A cluster headache is one-sided head pain that may involve tearing of the eyes and a stuffy nose. Attacks occur regularly for 1 week to 1 year, separated by long pain-free periods that last at least 1 month, possibly longer. See also:

CMV gastroenteritis/colitis is inflammation of the stomach or intestine due to infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV). See also:

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of a group of herpes-type viruses that can cause disease in different parts of the body in people. This article discusses CMV in people with weakened immune systems.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can occur in people who have a suppressed immune system. See also:

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis is a viral infection of the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food travels from the mouth to the stomach. See also:

The CMV test determines the presence of to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the blood.

CO2 is carbon dioxide. This article discusses the laboratory test to measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the liquid part of your blood, called the serum. In the body, most of the CO2 is in the form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-). Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of ...

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis is a lung disease that results from breathing in dust from coal, graphite, or man-made carbon over a long period of time.

Aortic coarctation is a narrowing of part of the aorta (the major artery leading out of the heart). It is a type of birth defect. Coarctation means narrowing.

Cobalt is a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust. It is a very small part of our environment and very small amounts are needed for many animals and humans to stay healthy. Cobalt poisoning can occur when you are exposed to large amounts of cobalt. There are three basic ways that cobalt ...

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant with potent (heart and blood vessel) side effects. Signs of intoxication typically begin with enlarged pupils, a feeling of being “high” (euphoria), agitation, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. With higher doses, sweating, tremors, ...

Cocaine withdrawal occurs when a heavy cocaine user cuts down or quits taking the drug.

Coccidioides complement fixation is a blood test that looks for to the fungus Coccidioides immitis. This fungus causes the disease .

Coccidioides precipitin is a blood test that looks for to the fungus Coccidioides immitis, which causes the disease .

Coccidioidomycosis is infection with the of the fungus Coccidioides immitis.

Acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is a lung infection caused by breathing in of Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii, fungi found in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Central and South America. See also:

Chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is a lung infection caused by breathing in the fungus Coccidioides.

Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection that spreads through the bloodstream and involves many organs.

A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that helps people hear. It can be used for people who are deaf or very hard of hearing. A cochlear implant is not the same thing as a hearing aid because it is surgically implanted and works in a different way. There are many different types of ...

Codeine is a prescription painkiller. Codeine occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, ...

Cold intolerance is an abnormal sensitivity to a cold environment or cold temperatures.

A cold knife cone biopsy (conization) is a procedure to get a sample of abnormal tissue from the cervix for further examination. See also:

The cold stimulation test for Raynaud’s phenomenon is a test that measures the temperature of each finger after they are placed in an ice-water bath.

Cold wave lotion is a hair care product used to create permanent waves (“a perm”). Cold wave lotion poisoning occurs from swallowing, breathing in, or touching cold wave lotion. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If ...

Colds and flus are NOT cured by antibiotics.

Almost all babies go through a fussy period. When crying lasts for longer than about three hours a day and is not caused by a medical problem (such as a hernia or infection), it is called colic. This phenomenon occurs in almost all babies. The only thing that differs is the degree.

Colitis is swelling (inflammation) of the large intestine (colon).

Collagen vascular disease occurs when problems with the immune system affect collagen. Collagen is a tough, fiber-like protein that makes up 30% of body protein. It contributes to the structure of tendons, bones, and connective tissues. In a class of diseases known as , the body’s immune ...

A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath.

Every year, the flu spreads across college campuses nationwide. Close living quarters, communal restrooms, and an abundance of social activities means college students have a greater chance of catching the flu. This article will give you information about the flu and college students. This is not ...

Colles’ fracture is a break across the end of the main bone of the forearm (the radius). A Colles’ fracture causes the wrist to become extended and shortened.

Coloboma of the iris is a hole or defect of the of the eye. Most colobomas are present since birth (congenital).

Cologne is a scented liquid made from alcohol and essential oils. Cologne poisoning occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally swallows cologne. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call ...

Colon, or colorectal, cancer is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum (end of the colon). Other types of cancer can affect the colon, such as , carcinoid tumors, , and sarcomas. These are rare. In this article, use of the term “colon cancer” refers to colon ...

A colonoscopy is an internal examination of the colon (large intestine) and rectum, using an instrument called a colonoscope.

Color blindness is the inability to see certain colors in the usual way.

A color vision test checks your ability to distinguish between different colors.

Colorado tick fever is an viral infection spread by the bite of the Dermacentor andersoni wood tick.

A colorectal polyp is a growth that sticks out of the lining of the colon or rectum.

Colostomy is a surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through the abdominal wall. Stools moving through the intestine drain into a bag attached to the abdomen.

A colposcopy is a special way of looking at the cervix. It uses a light and a low-powered microscope to make the cervix appear much larger. This helps your health care provider find and then abnormal areas in your cervix.

Comedones are small, flesh-colored, white, or dark bumps that give skin a rough texture. The bumps are caused by acne and found at the opening of a sebaceous follicle (pore). See:

The common cold generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. You may also have a sore throat, cough, headache, or other symptoms.

Common peroneal nerve dysfunction is damage to the peroneal nerve leading to loss of movement or sensation in the foot and leg.

Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. It can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow.

Compazine is a drug used to treat severe nausea and vomiting. Compazine occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. ...

Complement is a blood test that measures the activity of certain proteins in the liquid portion of your blood. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of inflammation. ...

Complement C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein that is part of the complement system. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of inflammation. ...

Complement component 4 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein that is part of the complement system. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of ...

This test is used to detect the presence of to Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) bacteria in the blood. This highly infectious bacteria causes .

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition that can affect any area of the body, but often affects an arm or a leg.

A comprehensive metabolic panel is a group of chemical tests performed on the blood serum (the part of blood that doesn’t contain cells). These tests include total cholesterol, total protein, and various . Electrolytes in the body include sodium, potassium, chlorine, and many others. The ...

Compression fractures of the back are broken vertebrae, which are the bones of the spine.

The word “concomitant” means occurring during the same time period. It usually refers to secondary symptoms that occur with a main symptom.

A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that may result in a bad headache, altered levels of alertness, or . It temporarily interferes with the way your brain works, and it can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination, and sleep patterns. See also:

A condom is a type of (contraceptive) that is worn during intercourse to prevent pregnancy and the spread of some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as: See also:

Conduct disorder is a disorder of childhood and adolescence that involves chronic behavior problems, such as: Defiant, impulsive, or antisocial behavior Drug use Criminal activity

Confusion is the inability to think with your usual speed or clarity, including feeling disoriented and having difficulty paying attention, remembering, and making decisions. See also: , for more information about chronic or long-term confusion.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia refers to a group of inherited disorders of the .

Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare, inherited blood disorder in which the blood does not normally. It occurs when there is a lack (deficiency) of a protein called fibrinogen, which is needed for the blood to clot.

Congenital antithrombin III deficiency is a disorder that causes the blood to clot more than normal.

A congenital is clouding of the lens of the eye, that is present at birth. The lens of the eye is normally a clear structure, which focuses light received by the eye onto the .

Congenital cytomegalovirus is a group of symptoms that occur when an infant is infected with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) before birth.

Congenital heart defect corrective surgeries fix or treat heart defects that a child is born with. A baby born with heart defects has . Surgery is needed if the defects are dangerous to the child’s health or well-being.

Congenital heart disease refers to a problem with the heart’s structure and function due to abnormal heart development before birth. Congenital means present at birth.

Congenital nephrotic syndrome is disorder passed down through families in which a baby develops and swelling of the body. Congenital means it is present from birth. See also:

Congenital platelet function defects are problems with platelets, one of the blood elements needed for normal blood clotting. Congenital means present from birth.

Congenital protein C or S deficiency is a lack of proteins C or S in the fluid part of the blood. The proteins are natural substances that help prevent blood clots.

Congenital rubella is a group of physical problems that occur in an infant when its mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles.

Congenital spherocytic anemia is a disorder of the surface layer (membrane) of red blood cells. It leads to red blood cells that are shaped like spheres, and premature breakdown of red blood cells ().

Congenital syphilis is a severe, disabling, and often life-threatening infection seen in infants. A pregnant mother who has syphilis can spread the disease through the placenta to the unborn infant.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a group of symptoms that occur when an unborn baby (fetus) is infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.

The conjunctiva is a thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball (the sclera). Inflammation of the conjunctiva is called , which makes the white of the eye appear red.

Conjunctivitis is swelling (inflammation) or infection of the membrane lining the eyelids ().

Conscious sedation is a combination of medicines to help you relax (a sedative) and to block pain (an anesthetic) during a medical or dental procedure. You will probably stay awake but may not be able to speak. Conscious sedation lets you recover quickly and return to your everyday activities soon ...

Decreased consciousness is reduced alertness or awareness.

Constipation is most often defined as having a bowel movement less than 3 times per week. It usually is associated with hard stools or difficulty passing stools. You may have pain while passing stools or may be unable to have a bowel movement after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes. ...

Contac is the brand name for a cough, cold, and allergy medicine that contains several ingredients. Contac occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or ...

Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin caused by direct contact with an irritating substance. See also:

A contracture is a tightening of muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement. See also:

A contraindication is a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should NOT be used, because it may be harmful to the patient. Some treatments may cause unwanted or dangerous reactions in people with allergies, high blood pressure, or pregnancy. For example, certain decongestants ...

Conversion disorder is a condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation.

Convulsions are when a person’s body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. During convulsions, the person’s muscles contract and relax repeatedly. The term “convulsion” is often used interchangeably with “seizure,” although there are many types of , some of which ...

Cooking utensils can have an effect on nutrition.

The Coombs’ test looks for that may bind to your red blood cells and cause premature red blood cell destruction ().

Copper is an essential trace mineral present in all body tissues.

This article discusses poisoning from copper. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222.

Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart brought on by long-term in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart.

Cord blood refers to a sample of blood collected from the umbilical cord when a baby is born. The umbilical cord is the cord connecting the baby to the mother’s womb. This article focuses on cord blood testing done to evaluate a newborn’s health.

Corneal injury describes an injury to the cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue covering the front of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images on the retina. See also:

The cornea is the clear layer on the front of the eye. A corneal transplant is surgery to replace the cornea with tissue from a donor. It is one of the most common transplants done.

The cornea is the clear (transparent) tissue at the front of the eye. A corneal ulcer is an or open sore in the outer layer of the cornea. It is often caused by infection. See also:

Corns and calluses are thickened layers of skin caused by repeated pressure or friction.

Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through your heart.

Coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between one of the coronary arteries and a heart chamber or another blood vessel. The coronary arteries are blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Fistula means abnormal connection.

Coronary artery spasm is a temporary, sudden narrowing of one of the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the heart). The spasm slows or stops blood flow through the artery and starves part of the heart of oxygen-rich blood.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. CHD is also called coronary artery disease. See also:

A coronary risk profile is a battery of blood tests to measure your cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The profile can help determine your risk for .

Corticosteroids are a type of anti-inflammatory medicine. Corticosteroid overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. Corticosteroids come in many forms, including: Creams and ointments that are applied to the ...

A cortisol urine test measures the amount of the steroid hormone cortisol in the urine.

A cortisol level is a blood test that measures the amount of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.

Breast augmentation is a procedure to change the size or shape of the breasts. See also:

Cosmetic ear surgery is a procedure to move very large or prominent ears closer to the head.

Costochondritis is an inflammation of a rib or the cartilage connecting a rib. It is a common cause of chest pain. See also:

Coughing is an important way to keep your throat and airways clear. However, excessive coughing may mean you have an underlying disease or disorder. Some coughs are dry, while others are considered productive. A productive cough is one that brings up mucus. Mucus is also called phlegm or ...

Coughing up blood is the spitting up of blood or bloody mucus from the lungs and throat (respiratory tract). Hemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.

The CPK isoenzymes test measures the different forms of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood. CPK is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. See also:

CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is an emergency lifesaving procedure that is performed when a person’s own breathing or heartbeat have stopped, such as in cases of , heart attack, or drowning. CPR is a critical part of the ABC’s of first response: A for airway B for ...

CPR is a lifesaving procedure that is performed when someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped, as in cases of , drowning, or heart attack. CPR is a combination of: Rescue breathing, which provides oxygen to a person’s lungs. Chest compressions, which keep the person’s blood ...

CPR is a lifesaving procedure that is performed when a child’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped, as in cases of drowning, suffocation, choking, or injuries. CPR is a combination of: Rescue breathing, which provides oxygen to a child’s lungs Chest compressions, which keep the ...

CPR is a lifesaving procedure that is performed when an infant’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped, as in cases of drowning, suffocation, choking, or injuries. CPR is a combination of: Rescue breathing, which provides oxygen to the infant’s lungs. Chest compressions, which keep the ...

A cranial computed tomography (CT) scan uses many x-rays to create pictures of the head, including the skull, brain, eye sockets, and sinuses. See:

Cranial mononeuropathy III — compression type — is a problem with the function of the third cranial nerve that causes double vision and eyelid drooping.

Cranial mononeuropathy III — diabetic type — is usually a complication of that causes double vision and .

Cranial mononeuropathy VI is a nerve disorder. It prevents some of the muscles that control eye movements from working well. As a result, people may see two of the same image (double vision).

Cranial sutures are fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull.

A craniopharyngioma is a benign that develops near the pituitary gland (a small at the base of the brain).

Craniosynostosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby’s head to close earlier than normal. Sutures are connections that separate each individual skull bones. The early closing of a suture leads to an abnormally shaped head.

repair is surgery to correct a deformity that causes the bones of a child’s skull to grow together (fuse) too early.

Craniotabes is a softening of the skull bones.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This article discusses the test to measure the amount of CPK in the blood. See also:

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of creatinine in the blood. Creatinine can also be measured with a urine test. See:

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle. Creatinine is removed from the body entirely by the kidneys. This article discusses the test done to measure the amount of creatinine in your urine. A blood test can also be used to determine your creatinine ...

The creatinine clearance test compares the level of creatinine in urine with the creatinine level in the blood. (Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle.) The test helps provide information on kidney function. See also:

Creeping eruption is an infection with dog or cat larvae.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a form of brain damage that leads to a rapid decrease of mental function and movement.

Cri du chat syndrome is a group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of number 5. The syndrome’s name is based on the infant’s cry, which is high-pitched and sounds like a cat.

Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a very rare inherited disorder in which bilirubin (a substance made by the liver) cannot be broken down.

Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It usually affects the intestines, but may occur anywhere from the mouth to the end of the rectum (anus). See also:

Croup is accompanied by a “barking” cough. Croup, which is swelling around the vocal cords, is common in infants and children and can have a variety of causes.

A crush injury occurs when a body part is subjected to a high degree of force or pressure, usually after being squeezed between two heavy objects. Damage related to crush injuries include: (increased pressure in an arm or leg that causes serious muscle, nerve, blood vessel, and tissue ...

Crying in infancy is described as a loud, high-pitched sound made by infants in response to certain situations. Infants have a cry reflex that is a normal response to some stimuli, such as pain or hunger. Older children and adults cry for emotional reasons such as pain, fear, sadness, or ...

Cryoglobulinemia is the presence of abnormal in the blood. These abnormal proteins become thick or gel-like in cold temperatures.

Cryoglobulins are abnormal proteins. This article describes the blood test used to check for them. In the laboratory, cryoglobulins come out of blood and form crystals when the blood sample is cooled below 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). Cryoglobulins come in three main types, but ...

Cryosurgery is a method of superfreezing tissue in order to destroy it. The technique is used to treat tumors, control pain, and control bleeding.

Cryptococcosis is infection with Cryptococcus neoformans fungus.

Cryptosporidium enteritis is an infection of the small intestine with the parasite Cryptosporidium that causes diarrhea.

The CSD skin test was once used to help diagnose . The test is rarely used today and is not recommended. There are better methods, such as antibody detection by the EIA test, available to diagnose cat scratch disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other chemicals in the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.

A CSF cell count is a test to measure the number of red and white blood cells that are in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

CSF coccidioides complement fixation looks for antibodies to the fungus Coccidioides immitis in the cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid, the fluid surrounding the brain and spine.

A CSF glucose test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that flows in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. See also:

A CSF leak is an escape of the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

CSF myelin basic protein is a test to measure the level of basic protein (MBP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. MBP is found in the material that covers your nerves. A sample of CSF is needed. The most common way to collect this sample ...

CSF oligoclonal banding is a test to look for inflammation-related proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the clear fluid that flows in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. Oligoclonal bands are proteins called immunoglobulins, which suggest inflammation of the central nervous ...

A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) smear is a microscopic examination of the normally clear fluid that moves in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from injury.

CSF total protein is a test to determine the amount of in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord. An abnormal protein level in the CSF suggests that there is an abnormal process occurring in the central nervous system.

The CSF-VDRL test is used to diagnose . This test looks for antibodies called reagins, which are sometimes produced by the body in reaction to the syphilis-causing bacteria. See also:

A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the body. See also:

Culdocentesis is a procedure that checks for abnormal fluid in the space just behind the (cul-de-sac).

A colonic tissue culture is a laboratory test to check for disease-causing bacteria, fungi, or viruses in a sample of tissue from the large intestine.

A duodenal tissue culture is a laboratory exam to check a piece of tissue from the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) for infection-causing organisms.

Endocervical culture is a laboratory test that helps identify infection in the female genital tract.

Joint fluid culture is a laboratory test to detect infection-causing organisms in a sample of fluid surrounding a joint.

Culture-negative endocarditis is an infection and inflammation of the lining of one or more heart valves in which no endocarditis-causing germs can be identified on a . The reason for this is that certain germs just do not grow well in the laboratory setting, or because some patients have previously ...

Curvature of the penis is an abnormal bend in the penis that occurs during erection. It is also called Peyronie’s disease.

Cushing syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol. It may also occur if you take too much cortisol or other steroid hormones. See also:

Exogenous Cushing syndrome is a form of that occurs in people taking glucocorticoid (also called corticosteroid) hormones, such as prednisone.

Cushing syndrome due to adrenal tumor is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when there is a tumor of the releasing excess amounts of the hormone cortisol.

Cushing’s disease is a condition in which the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH). The pituitary gland is an organ of the . Cushing’s disease is a form of .

Cutaneous is an infection of the skin due to direct contact with the bacteria Bacillus anthracis.

Cutaneous candidiasis is infection of the skin with candida fungus.

Cutaneous skin tags are small, usually harmless () skin growths.

Cuticle remover is a liquid or cream used to remove excess tissue around the nails. Cuticle remover poisoning occurs when someone swallows this substance. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should ...

A cut, also called a laceration, is a break or opening in the skin. The cut may be deep, smooth, or jagged. It may be near the surface of the skin, or affect deep tissues, such as tendons, muscles, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, or bone. A puncture is a wound made by a pointed object (such as a ...

Cyanoacrylate is a sticky substance found in many glues. Cyanoacrylate poisoning occurs when someone swallows this substance or gets it on the skin. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call ...

Cyanotic is a heart defect, present at birth (congenital), that results in low blood oxygen levels. There may be more than one defect.

Cyclothymic disorder is a mild form of (manic depressive illness) in which a person has mood swings over a period of years that go from mild to euphoria and excitement.

Cyproheptadine is a type of drug called an antihistamine, which is used to relieve allergy symptoms. Cyproheptadine occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment ...

A cyst is a closed pocket or pouch of tissue. It can be filled with air, fluid, pus, or other material.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults, and may result in early death. See also:

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a potentially life-threatening disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. Persons with cystic fibrosis need to eat high calorie and high protein foods throughout the day. This article discusses the nutritional needs for persons ...

A cystic hygroma is a mass that commonly occurs in the head and neck area. It is a birth defect.

Cysticercosis is an infection by a parasite called Taenia solium (T. solium), a pork tapeworm, that creates in different areas in the body. See also:

Cystinuria is a condition passed down through families in which stones form in the kidney, ureter, and bladder. See also:

Acute cystitis is a bacterial infection of the bladder or lower urinary tract. Acute means sudden or severe. See also:

Noninfectious cystitis is irritation of the bladder that is not caused by a .

Cystometric study measures the amount of fluid in the bladder when you first feel the need to urinate, when you are able to sense fullness, and when your bladder is completely full.

Cystoscopy is a procedure to see the inside of the bladder and urethra.

Cytochrome b5 reductase is an in the blood. It controls the amount of iron in your red blood cells, and helps the cells carry the normal amount of oxygen. Persons who do not have enough of this enzyme may develop a condition called .

Cytologic evaluation is the analysis under a microscope of cells collected from a part of the body. This is done to determine what the cells look like, and how they form and function. The test is usually used to look for cancers and precancerous changes. It may also be used to look for viral ...

A cytology examination of pleural fluid is a laboratory test to detect cancerous cells in the pleural space, the area that surrounds the lungs. See:

A cytology exam of urine is used to detect and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a viral inflammation of the retina of the eye.