Oral Health and Heart Disease: Why Gum Disease Matters

Your mouth is home to millions of bacteria. Most are harmless, but when you neglect your oral health, the harmful bacteria can multiply and lead to gum disease. Also known as periodontal disease, this condition causes inflammation and infection in the gums. Inflamed gums can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream, where they travel to other parts of the body, including the heart.  

Many studies have shown a clear association between gum disease and increased risk of cardiovascular problems compared to healthy gums. Poor oral health may contribute to heart disease in several ways: 

Chronic inflammation is a major factor in heart disease.  “Gum disease triggers inflammation in the body, and this systemic inflammation may contribute to the narrowing of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis,” says David Cork, MD, a cardiologist at Scripps Clinic. “Inflammation has been shown to increase the risk of heart disease, including heart attacks and strokes.” 

Once in the bloodstream, bacteria from infected gums can attach to fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits can then form clots, which may block or restrict blood flow to the heart or brain. Again, as a result, you may be more likely to have a heart attack or stroke. 

In some cases, oral bacteria can infect the lining of the heart (endocardium) or heart valves, leading to a serious condition called endocarditis. This is more likely to occur in people with existing heart conditions, particularly those with congenital heart disease, structural heart disease or people who have undergone valve surgery.  

When patients present with bloodstream infections, doctors will commonly evaluate for involvement of the heart valvular structures, and poor dental hygiene is a significant risk factor. 

“It’s important to note that this doesn’t necessarily mean gum disease directly causes heart disease,” says Dr. Cork. “However, the overlap is significant enough that we consider oral health a factor in an individual’s cardiovascular disease risk.”

Your gums can provide early clues about potential problems with your oral health. Check for these signs of gum disease: 

• Red, swollen or tender gums 
• Bleeding when brushing or flossing 
• Receding gums 
• Persistent bad breath 
• Loose teeth 

If you notice any of these gum disease symptoms, make an appointment with your dentist. Early intervention can prevent more serious complications. 

Fortunately, maintaining good oral hygiene is relatively simple, especially when compared to the benefits of a healthy mouth and reduced risk of heart disease. Start with these steps: 

Brush twice daily: Use fluoride toothpaste and brush for at least two minutes each time. Consider trying an electric toothbrush, which can help you control the amount of pressure you’re using, so you’re brushing hard enough but not too hard. Some models include a timer, so you know how long you’ve been brushing or when it’s time to move on to a different area of the mouth.  

Floss daily: Flossing removes plaque and food particles from areas your toothbrush can’t reach and can help strengthen gum tissue. There are many types of floss available in various thicknesses, textures, flavors and materials, such as coconut or bamboo.  

Visit your dentist regularly: Professional cleanings and exams help catch issues early and keep your gums healthy. Most people should have two cleanings a year; your dentist will let you know what they recommend. 

Avoid tobacco: Smoking, vaping and chewing tobacco are major risk factors for both gum disease and heart disease, as well as mouth cancer, lung cancer and other illnesses.  

Manage chronic conditions: Diabetes, autoimmune disorders and other chronic conditions can increase the risk of gum disease, so keeping them under control is essential. 

“The connection between oral health and heart disease demonstrates how our bodies function as a whole, not in isolated parts,” says Dr. Cork. “The benefits of caring for your teeth and gums can go well beyond your mouth and may even help protect your heart.”